What records do I need to keep for a DOT audit or IRS audit as a trucking company?

Trucking companies face two very different kinds of audits, and each one looks at different records. A DOT audit is about safety and regulatory compliance. An IRS audit is about whether your financials and tax returns are accurate. You need to be ready for both at any time, because neither one gives you much advance notice to pull things together.

For a DOT audit, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration is looking at six main areas. First is driver qualification files. Every driver needs a current CDL copy, valid medical examiner’s certificate, motor vehicle record pulled annually, employment history verification, and a signed application. Second is Hours of Service logs. If you’re running ELDs, those electronic records need to be retained for at least six months. Make sure supporting documents like trip sheets and delivery receipts match the ELD data. Third is drug and alcohol testing records. You need pre-employment, random, post-accident, and reasonable suspicion testing documentation along with your consortium or testing program records. Fourth is vehicle maintenance. That means systematic inspection and repair records, Driver Vehicle Inspection Reports, annual inspection certificates, and a preventive maintenance schedule. Fifth and sixth are IFTA fuel records and mileage logs, which need to show fuel purchases by jurisdiction with receipts and miles driven in each state.

For an IRS audit, the focus shifts to your financial records. Keep bank statements, credit card statements, and all receipts for business expenses. You’ll need 1099s issued to owner-operators and independent contractors, payroll records including tax deposits and quarterly filings, and complete records for every revenue transaction. Trucking companies also have specific areas the IRS tends to scrutinize. Asset depreciation schedules are critical because trucks and trailers involve large deductions under Section 179 or MACRS depreciation, and auditors want to verify those calculations. Per diem documentation needs to show the dates, locations, and business purpose of each trip if you’re claiming per diem for drivers. Fuel purchase records should be detailed enough to tie back to business use, especially if you operate a mix of company and personal vehicles.

Virginia adds another layer. The state can audit your payroll tax compliance and unemployment insurance filings separately from any federal audit. Make sure your Virginia withholding deposits, quarterly VEC filings, and SUTA records are current and accessible. If you have drivers classified as independent contractors, be prepared to defend those classifications at both the state and federal level.

The practical reality is that most trucking companies don’t get audited and then scramble to find records. They get audited and discover the records don’t exist or are incomplete. Building a system that captures and organizes these records as part of your regular operations is the only reliable approach. Northern Virginia small business bookkeeping services built around the transportation industry can handle the financial side of this, making sure your books, payroll records, depreciation schedules, and contractor documentation stay audit-ready year round.

Retain DOT records according to FMCSA requirements, which vary by record type but generally range from one to three years. For IRS purposes, keep financial records for at least seven years. When in doubt, keep it longer. Storage is cheap. Reconstructing lost records during an audit is not.